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Sleep deprivation harms memory at several stages. When people do not get enough sleep, attention becomes less stable, so new information is encoded less accurately in the first place. Lack of sleep also disrupts consolidation, the process by which recently learned material is strengthened and integrated with existing knowledge. As a result, facts, skills, and experiences may be recalled less reliably the next day. Working memory is also affected: sleep-deprived people often struggle to hold and manipulate information, follow multistep instructi…

Sleep deprivation significantly impairs memory in multiple ways, affecting both the formation and recall of information. When individuals do not get enough sleep, the brain's ability to consolidate memories is hindered because this process largely takes place during various sleep stages, including deep sleep and rapid eye movement sleep. As a result, facts and experiences from the day before are less likely to be transferred effectively into long-term storage. Additionally, sleep loss reduces the efficiency of memory encoding by diminishing att…